In Perl, how do I specify MARC-8 when reading (decoding) and writing (encoding) data? Character encoding is the bane of my existence. I have learned that when reading from a file I ought to specify the type of encoding the file is in and decode accordingly, or else. Once read, it is converted it Perl's internal encoding (UTF-8) and can be manipulated. Similarly, when writing I am expected to specify the encoding. Both the reading (decoding) and the writing (encoding) can be done with the Encode module. Here is a some code illustrating what I'm trying to do with MARC records which are apparently in MARC-8: # require use Encode qw( encode decode ); # initialize my $batch = MARC::Batch->new( 'USMARC', './records.mrc' ); open OUT, ' > updated.mrc'; # process each record while ( my $marc = $batch->next ) { # get the title my $_245 = decode( 'FOO', $marc->title ); # do cool stuff with the title here # output the cool stuff print OUT encode( 'FOO', $_245 ); } # done close OUT; exit; My problem is, I don't know what to put in place of FOO. What is the official name of MARC-8's encoding scheme? -- Eric "The Ugly American" Morgan University of Notre Dame (574) 631-8604