I don't know about ISO 2709 itself, but the MARC21 implementation of it refers to octets, aka 8-bit bytes: http://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/specrecstruc.html Characters "may be encoded using one or more than one octet, depending on the character set. All ASCII characters are encoded using one octet in the ASCII encoding and the Unicode UTF-8 encoding, thus a character is equivalent in length to an octet when an element's values are restricted to ASCII." --Andy On Wed, Apr 18, 2012 at 7:20 AM, Huwig,Steve <[log in to unmask]> wrote: > I could be mistaken (never having had the pleasure of reading it), but > isn't ISO-2709 specified as a fixed number of characters, and any > conflation of characters and 8-bit bytes is on the part of users and > implementations? > > I think ISO 2709 might not know from bytes, only characters.